Verbal reasoning tests use words, letters & numbers. It requires logical reasoning & knowledge in English.
Even though one need not be a master in maths, it considers one’s logical reasoning & an eye for arithmetic manipulation. Therefore it is necessary to have a basic knowledge in simple manipulations like: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and figures.
Verbal reasoning includes the following classes or categories:
Analogical relationships
Series completion
Classification (finding odd man out)
Coding and decoding
Directional reasoning
Logical diagrams and relationships
Here in this blog I am providing some analogical relationships one can expect in any competitive exams and for general reference.
Antonymous: Opposite in meaning.
Examples: Poor: rich, always: never
Association: Clock is associated with time, similarly barometer with pressure.
e.g.: Time: clock, editor: magazine, director: film
Age relationship: e.g.: boy: man, cow: calf
Blood/family: e.g.: brother: sister, wife: husband
Comparative: making comparisons between the given lists.
e.g.: coal: black, blood: red
Cause and effect: In this the second word is a reaction that occurs due to the first.
e.g.: insult: humiliation, virus: disease, cholesterol: obesity, mosquito: malaria
Classification relationship: there can be biological, chemical or physical classifications.
e.g.: cow: mammals, lizard: reptile
Degree of difference relationship: They will have same meanings but difference in degree only.
e.g.: admiration: love, nip: crush, elevated: exalted, dirty: filthy
Functional: First term describes the function of the second.
e.g.: general: command, senator: legislates, scissors: cloth
Finished product & raw material: e.g.: grape: wine, flour: bread,
Numerical: relation between additions, multiplication etc.
e.g.: 9: 18, 6: 32
Purpose relation: e.g.: sand paper: abrasion, oil: lubrication
Place relation: Bangalore: Karnataka, red fort: Delhi, Agra: Taj Mahal
Quantitative: e.g.: liter: milliliter, grams: kilogram.
Qualitative: They can also be classified under antonyms.
e.g.: opaque: transparent, big: small
Synonymous: similar in relation.
e.g.: kind: benevolent, tedious: boring, indefatigable: untiring.
Sex: e.g.: man: woman, male: female, bull: cow
Symbolic: e.g.: flag: nation, stars: rank
Specialist & subject: e.g.: dermatologist: skin, heart: cardiologist
Time sequence: e.g.: morning: evening, day: night
Tool-object: tools used on the object.
e.g.: pen: paper, saw: wood, kick rod: bike
Utility: e.g.: pen: writing, car: driving, key board: typing
Worker-Article: creator of an article & the article used.
e.g.: Author: book, cobbler: shoe
Worker-tool: tools used by various technicians.
e.g.: Surgeon: forceps, writer: pen.
Whole-part, part-whole: e.g.: car: wheel, soldier: regiment, formula: constituent, equation: term.
Sunday, May 30, 2010
ATTITUDE
Failure doesn’t mean:
You are a failure; it means you have not yet succeeded.
You have accomplished nothing; it means you have learned something.
You will never be able to do it; it means you have to do it in different way.
You are inferior; it means you are not perfect.
You have wasted your time; it means you have to start afresh.
You should give up; it means you should try very hard.
You will never achieve; it means it takes little longer.
God has abandoned you; it means god has a better idea! You will get better idea if you have faith in him.
Always think, instead of blaming darkness everywhere, light a candle if you can.
Stop blaming and plunge into action.
GOD: Generate enthusiasm; operate your potential, Destroy negative attitude.
Experience has shown that human resource is the most valuable asset of any business. People can be your biggest asset or biggest liability. A study by Harvard University says that when a person gets job it’s because of their attitude amounting to 85%. On the other hand, a meager 15% contributes to their smart and knowledge on various facts.
According to Shiv Khera, ‘attitude’ is the foundation of success regardless of your chosen field.
If attitude is such a critical factor in success, shouldn’t you examine your attitude toward life and ask how it affects your goals? We should observe that, it is attitude that contributes to success.
Factors that determine our attitude:
Do the Homosapiens born with attitude? Or we acquired as part of the societal norms? What are the factors that form attitude?
Primarily there are 3 factors that determine attitude: Education, environment and experience (triple ‘E’).
How can we differentiate positive with negative attitude? When someone says that Mr.XXX isn’t carrying any negativity, it doesn’t mean that he is a positive personality.
People with positive attitude possess visible characteristics and portray vibrations. Involuntarily they can segregate thoughts, organize their priorities, confident and always wear smile on their face. A person with a positive attitude is like a fruit of all seasons, he is always welcome.
Shiv Khera in his book “You can win” provides few benefits of positive attitude. This will:
Increases productivity and fosters teamwork.
Improve quality thereby increasing profits.
Breeds loyalty and fosters better relationships with peers.
Reduces stress and makes for a pleasing personality.
It is worth mentioning here about the attitude of Andrew Carnegie, one of the largest steel manufacturers in US. There are times where 43 millionaires used to work in his company. A stranger asked how he dealt with all the employees. His response is a million dollar information!!! He replied, “dealing with people is like digging gold: When you dig for an ounce of gold, you have to move tons of dirt to get an ounce of gold. But when you go digging, you don’t go looking for the dirt, you go looking for the gold.” He further continues if you are looking for what is wrong with people or with things, you will find many. There is something positive in every person and every situation, so look for that positive ounce and mould to a precious diamond. Looking for positive doesn’t mean overlooking faults.
Energy suckers:
On the other hand, there are a particular section of people with full of negativity. One must exercise caution to remain away from the energy suckers who are also called the negative thinkers. Here is a famous example about the pessimists, “Robert Fulton invented the steamboat. On the banks of the Hudson River he was displaying his new invention. The pessimists and skeptics gathered around to observe. They commented that it would never start, but it did. As it made its way down the river the pessimists who said it would never go, started shouting that it would never stop. What an attitude!! ”
Therefore one should pay attention while choosing a company. Observe if he/ she is a pessimist or an open minded optimistic thinker.
Who are pessimists? How to identify them?
They are those who: - are unhappy when they have no troubles to speak of.
Feel bad when they feel good, for they fear they will feel worse when they feel better.
Spend most of their life at complaint counter.
Always look for cracks in the mirror of life.
Stop sleeping in bed when they hear that more people die in the bed than anywhere else.
Don’t see the doughnut, only the hole.
Know that hard work never hurts anyone but believe “why take a chance?”
Now let’s look at the optimists. Who are they? How to identify them?
They are so strong that nothing can disturb their peace of mind.
Talk health, happiness and prosperity to every person they meet.
Make all their friends feel there is something in them.
Look at the sunny side of everything.
Think, work and expect only the best.
They will be as enthusiastic with others success as their own.
Give everyone a smile.
Spend so much time improving yourself that they have no time left to criticize.
Flash card: Intelligence is quickness to learn. Ability is the skill to apply what is learned. Competence is the ability and the desire to apply what is learned. Desire is the attitude that makes a skillful person competent. Many skillful people are incompetent. Ability without the right attitude is wasted.
A person will be successful with or without formal education if they have the 5 Cs:
Character
Commitment
Conviction
Courtesy
Courage
Shiv Khera in his book says: “An expert is someone who knows all the answers if you ask the right questions.”
You are a failure; it means you have not yet succeeded.
You have accomplished nothing; it means you have learned something.
You will never be able to do it; it means you have to do it in different way.
You are inferior; it means you are not perfect.
You have wasted your time; it means you have to start afresh.
You should give up; it means you should try very hard.
You will never achieve; it means it takes little longer.
God has abandoned you; it means god has a better idea! You will get better idea if you have faith in him.
Always think, instead of blaming darkness everywhere, light a candle if you can.
Stop blaming and plunge into action.
GOD: Generate enthusiasm; operate your potential, Destroy negative attitude.
Experience has shown that human resource is the most valuable asset of any business. People can be your biggest asset or biggest liability. A study by Harvard University says that when a person gets job it’s because of their attitude amounting to 85%. On the other hand, a meager 15% contributes to their smart and knowledge on various facts.
According to Shiv Khera, ‘attitude’ is the foundation of success regardless of your chosen field.
If attitude is such a critical factor in success, shouldn’t you examine your attitude toward life and ask how it affects your goals? We should observe that, it is attitude that contributes to success.
Factors that determine our attitude:
Do the Homosapiens born with attitude? Or we acquired as part of the societal norms? What are the factors that form attitude?
Primarily there are 3 factors that determine attitude: Education, environment and experience (triple ‘E’).
How can we differentiate positive with negative attitude? When someone says that Mr.XXX isn’t carrying any negativity, it doesn’t mean that he is a positive personality.
People with positive attitude possess visible characteristics and portray vibrations. Involuntarily they can segregate thoughts, organize their priorities, confident and always wear smile on their face. A person with a positive attitude is like a fruit of all seasons, he is always welcome.
Shiv Khera in his book “You can win” provides few benefits of positive attitude. This will:
Increases productivity and fosters teamwork.
Improve quality thereby increasing profits.
Breeds loyalty and fosters better relationships with peers.
Reduces stress and makes for a pleasing personality.
It is worth mentioning here about the attitude of Andrew Carnegie, one of the largest steel manufacturers in US. There are times where 43 millionaires used to work in his company. A stranger asked how he dealt with all the employees. His response is a million dollar information!!! He replied, “dealing with people is like digging gold: When you dig for an ounce of gold, you have to move tons of dirt to get an ounce of gold. But when you go digging, you don’t go looking for the dirt, you go looking for the gold.” He further continues if you are looking for what is wrong with people or with things, you will find many. There is something positive in every person and every situation, so look for that positive ounce and mould to a precious diamond. Looking for positive doesn’t mean overlooking faults.
Energy suckers:
On the other hand, there are a particular section of people with full of negativity. One must exercise caution to remain away from the energy suckers who are also called the negative thinkers. Here is a famous example about the pessimists, “Robert Fulton invented the steamboat. On the banks of the Hudson River he was displaying his new invention. The pessimists and skeptics gathered around to observe. They commented that it would never start, but it did. As it made its way down the river the pessimists who said it would never go, started shouting that it would never stop. What an attitude!! ”
Therefore one should pay attention while choosing a company. Observe if he/ she is a pessimist or an open minded optimistic thinker.
Who are pessimists? How to identify them?
They are those who: - are unhappy when they have no troubles to speak of.
Feel bad when they feel good, for they fear they will feel worse when they feel better.
Spend most of their life at complaint counter.
Always look for cracks in the mirror of life.
Stop sleeping in bed when they hear that more people die in the bed than anywhere else.
Don’t see the doughnut, only the hole.
Know that hard work never hurts anyone but believe “why take a chance?”
Now let’s look at the optimists. Who are they? How to identify them?
They are so strong that nothing can disturb their peace of mind.
Talk health, happiness and prosperity to every person they meet.
Make all their friends feel there is something in them.
Look at the sunny side of everything.
Think, work and expect only the best.
They will be as enthusiastic with others success as their own.
Give everyone a smile.
Spend so much time improving yourself that they have no time left to criticize.
Flash card: Intelligence is quickness to learn. Ability is the skill to apply what is learned. Competence is the ability and the desire to apply what is learned. Desire is the attitude that makes a skillful person competent. Many skillful people are incompetent. Ability without the right attitude is wasted.
A person will be successful with or without formal education if they have the 5 Cs:
Character
Commitment
Conviction
Courtesy
Courage
Shiv Khera in his book says: “An expert is someone who knows all the answers if you ask the right questions.”
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